Give Me Liberty Eric Foner 4th Edition Outline Chapter 16
1872
Credit Mobilier Scandal
1873
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner s
ilded
Age
1876
Battle
of
the Little Bighorn
1877
Reconstruction ends Great Railroad Strike
1879
Henry George s Progress
and
Poverty
1883
Civil Service Act Railroads create time zones
1886
Knights of Labor s membership peaks Haymarket affair
1887
Interstate Commerce Commission created Dawes Act
1888
Edward Bellamy s
Looking Backward
189
Sherman Antitrust Act Jacob Riis s
How
the Other Half Lives
Massacre at Wounded Knee
1894
Henry Demarest Lloyd s
Wealth against Commonwealth
1895
United
States
v.
E
C
Knight
Co
1899
Thorstein Veblen s
The
Theory
of
the Leisure
Class
19 5
Lochner v.
New
York Across
the
Continent
a lithograph from 1868 by the British-born artist Frances F. Palmer, celebrates post-Civil War westward expansion
as
the spread of civilization-represented by the railroad, telegraph, school, church, and wagon
trains into
a wilderness that appears totally uninhabited except for
two
Indians in the far distance and a herd of buffalo.
FOCUS
QUESTIONS
•
Wbat facto
rs
combined
to
make
th
e
United
St
a
tes
a mature industrial so
ci
ety after
the
Ci
v
il
W
ar?
•
How was
the We
st tra
ns
form
ed
ec
ono
m
ically
and
socially
in
th
is
period?
•
Was
the
Gilded Age
political system e
ec
ti
ve in
meeting
its
go
al
s?
•
Ho
w d
id
th
e
econ
omic d
eve
lopm
ent of
th
e
Gilded
Age aff
ec
t
Am
eri
can
freedom?
•
H
ow
di
d ref
orm
ers of
th
e pe
rio
d a
pp
r
oach
the
pro
bl
em
s of an
industr
ial
society?
R
oots
o
ec
onomic chang
e
immense crowd gathered in New York Harbor on October
8
1886, for the dedication of
Liberty
Enlightening
the
World
a
fittin
symbol for a nation now wholly free. The idea for the statu originated in 1865 with Edouard de Laboulaye, a French educator
anct
the
author
of several books on the United States, as a response
to
the
assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Measuring more
than
150 feet
from
torch to toe
and
standing atop a huge pedestal, the edifice was the tallest man-made structure in the Western Hemisphere. In time, the Statue of Liberty, as
it
came to be called, would become Americans' most revered national icon. For over a century
it
has stood
as
a symbol of freedom. The statue has welcomed millions of
immigrants-
the "huddled masses yearning to breathe free" celebrated in a poem by Emma Lazarus inscribed on its base in 1903. In the years since its dedi- cation, the statue's familiar image has been reproduced by folk artists
in
every conceivable medium and has been used by advertisers to promote everything from cigarettes and lawn mowers to
war
bonds.
It
has become a powerful international symbol as well. The year of the statue's dedication, 1886, also witnessed the "great upheaval," a wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation. The
600
dignitaries (598 of them men)
who
gathered
on
what is now called Liberty Island for the dedication hoped the Statue of Liberty would inspire renewed devotion to the nation's political and economic system. But for all its grandeur, the statue could not conceal the deep social divisions and fears about the future of American freedom that accompanied the country's emergence as the world's leading industrial power. Crucial questions moved to the center stage of American public life during the 1870s and 1880s and remained there for decades to
come:
What are the social conditions
that
make freedom possible, and what role should the national government play
in
defining
and
protecting
the
liberty of its citizens?
TH
SECON
D
INDU
STRI L
REVOLUT
ION
Between the end of the Civil
War
and the early twentieth century,
the
United States underwent one of the most rapid and profound
economic
revoiutions any country has ever experienced. There were numerous causes for this explosive economic growth. The country enjoyed abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, an expanding market
or
manufactured goods, and the availability of capital for investment.
In
76
/
Chapter
16
*
Amer
ic
a s
Gilded
Age
Wbat factors combined to make tbe United States a matu
re
industrial society after tbe
Ci
vil War
addition, the federal government actively promoted industrial and agri- cultural development. It enacted high tariffs that protected American industry from foreign competition, granted land
to
railroad companies
to
encourage construction,
and
used the army to remove Indians from west- ern lands desired by farmers
and
mining companies.
The
Industrial conomy
The rapid expansion of factory production, mining, and railroad construc- tion in all parts of the country except the South signaled the transition from Lincoln s
America-a
world centered on the small farm and artisan work-
shop-to
a mature industrial society.
By
1913
the United States produced
,·
.
.
.
TABLE 16.1
Indicators
of
conomic
Ch~
1
17
T
t ;~ -
\
, -.
)~~~
~ i:
;
r.
:\
·
~
~;.,,,
187
---
-
--
...
-
Farms millions)
2.7 Land in farms (million acres)
408
Wheat grown (million bushels) 254
Employment millions)
14
In
manufacturing (millions) 2.5
Percentage
n
workforcea
Agricultural
52
lndustryb 29 Trade, service, administrationc 20
Railroad
tr ck
thousands of miles)
53 Steel produced (thousands
of
tons) 0.8
GNP billions of dollars)
7.4 Per capita
in
1920 dollars)
371
Life expectancy
t
birth years)
42
• Percentages are rounded and
do
not total 100 • Includes manufacturing, transportation, mining, construction Includes trade, finance, public administration
19
00
5.7
841
599 28.5 5.9 38
31
31
258 11.2 18.7 707 47
192
6.4 956 843 44.5 11.2 27 44 27 407 46 91.5 920 54
Promoting d
eve
lopment
A changing Ame
rica
THE SEC
ONO
INDUSTRI L REVOLUTION
1477
Give Me Liberty Eric Foner 4th Edition Outline Chapter 16
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